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Abstract
<p class="Abstract">The paper presents the previously unstudied properties of current-carrying conductors utilising impedance spectroscopy. The purpose of the article is to present discovered properties that are the significant context of impedance research. The methodology is based on the superposition of test signals and bias affecting the objects under study. These are the main results obtained in this work: the studied objects have an additional low-frequency impedance during the passage of an electric current; the bias-induced impedance effect (Z<sub>BI</sub>-effect) is noticeably manifested in the range of 0.01 Hz … 100 Hz and it has either capacitive or inductive nature or both types, depending on the bias level (current density) and material types. The experiments in this work were done using open and covered wires made of pure metals, alloys, and non-metal conductors, such as graphite rods. These objects showed the Z<sub>BI</sub>-effect that distinguishes them from other objects, such as standard resistors of the same rating, in which this phenomenon does not occur. The Z<sub>BI</sub>-effect was modeled by equivalent circuits. Particular attention is paid to assessing the consistency of experimental data. Understanding the nature of this effect can give impetus to the development of a new type of instrument in various fields.</p>
Highlights
The study of various physical objects using impedance spectroscopy under applied dc bias is widespread
We studied pure metals: nickel, copper, silver, tungsten, platinum, gold; alloys: constantan, nichrome, manganin; nonmetals - graphite rods
The parameter Rs extracted from the impedance ZBI and the Rstat extracted from the I-V well fit each other in an error of not more than 0.3%
Summary
The study of various physical objects using impedance spectroscopy under applied dc bias is widespread. In the HF region there is an increase of a real Re(Z) and imaginary Im(Z) part of impedance with increasing frequency This part is well described by a parallel connection of resistance Rp and inductance Lp (Figure 1). Measurements were made using a Faraday cage to improve the signal-to-noise ratio mainly for the imaginary impedance component In this simple model, the specific resistance of the conductor determines the series resistance Rs. Mainly the length of the conductor determines the inductance Lp. The parallel resistance Rp that is connected to the inductance characterises the active loss in the conductor due to the skin effect at high frequencies. We observe a monotonic change in the real component of the impedance in the entire frequency range (the model element Rs).
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