Bias in mental testing since Bias in Mental Testing.

Abstract

Racial/ethnic subgroup differences in average performance on standardized tests o f cogn i­ tive ability are well established (Gordon & Bhattacharya, “Race and and Jensen, “Race and IQ Scores,” in E ncyclopedia o f H um an Intelligence, 1994; H errnstein & M urray, The B ell Curve, 1994), but the reasons for these differences are an ongoing source o f controversy. One popular and longstanding claim is that mean differences are caused by “cultural bias” in the tests. Arthur Jensen exhaustively review ed the empirical literature on the issue o f test bias, which resulted in his seminal book, B ias in M en ta l Testing (BIM T), published in 1980. On the basis o f empirical criteria for evaluating test bias, Jensen con­ cluded that standardized aptitude/ability tests predict equally w ell for American-born, Eng­ lish-speaking majority and minority subgroups and measure similar constructs. This paper summarizes the major conclusions from BIM T and evaluates writing on test bias published since BIMT. W e conclude that empirical research to date consistently finds that standardized cognitive tests are not biased in terms o f predictive and construct validity. Furthermore, con­ tinued claim s o f test bias, which appear in academic journals, the popular media, and som e p sychology textbooks, are not empirically justified. T hese claim s o f bias should be met with skepticism and evaluated critically according to established scientific principles.