Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease, which in part explains the differential response to chemotherapy observed in the clinic. BH3 mimetics, which target anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members, have shown potential in the treatment of hematological malignancies and offer promise for the treatment of solid tumors as well. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the response to BH3 mimetics in CRC and the underlying molecular factors predicting sensitivity, we screened a panel of CRC cell lines with four BH3 mimetics targeting distinct anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins. Treatment with compounds alone and in combination revealed potent efficacy of combined MCL-1 and BCL-XL inhibition in inducing CRC cell death, irrespective of molecular features. Importantly, expression of the anti-apoptotic protein target of BH3 mimetics on its own did not predict sensitivity. However, the analysis did identify consensus molecular subtype (CMS) specific response patterns, such as higher resistance to single and combined BCL-2 and MCL-1 inhibition in CMS2 cell lines. Furthermore, analysis of mutation status revealed that KRAS mutant cell lines were more resistant to MCL-1 inhibition. Conclusively, we find that CRC cell lines presented with distinct responses to BH3 mimetics that can in part be predicted by their CMS profile and KRAS/BRAF mutations. Overall, almost all CRC lines share sensitivity in the nanomolar range to combined MCL-1 and BCL-XL targeting suggesting that this would be the preferred approach to target these cancers.

Highlights

  • Introduction published maps and institutional affilDespite significant advances in therapy, colorectal cancer (CRC) is still one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide

  • Tumor cells often upregulate several anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins as a survival mechanism and in CRC, we and others have previously shown that BCL-XL plays a crucial role, in the stem cell compartment [17,18]

  • When testing individual BH3 mimetics, we find that the inhibition of multiple BCL-2 family members by ABT-263 shows higher efficiency in CRC compared to BCL-2, BCL-XL

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Summary

Introduction

Despite significant advances in therapy, colorectal cancer (CRC) is still one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. CRC is characterized by high heterogeneity and unfavorable overall survival in late stage disease [1]. Due to the heterogeneity of the molecular and pathological phenotypes, CRC patients exhibit differential response to adjuvant therapies [2,3]. Based on the distinct molecular gene expression patterns, a consensus classifier was established to stratify CRC into four consensus molecular subtypes (CMS). To better understand the biological heterogeneity [4]. CMS2 is the classical subtype characterized by an epithelial phenotype harboring WNT/MYC activation. CMS3 tumors exhibit metabolic activation and are enriched for KRAS mutations, whereas CMS4 is a poor-prognosis mesenchymal subtype, which is characterized by an increased stromal infiltrate and chemotherapy resistance

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