Abstract
The embedding procedure of Batalin, Fradkin, and Tyutin, which allows us to convert a second-class system into a first-class one, is pushed beyond the formal level. We study nonrelativistic as well as relativistic systems. We explicitly construct, in all cases, the variables of the converted first-class theory in terms of those of the corresponding second-class one. Moreover, we only conclude about the equivalence between these two different kinds of theories after comparing their respective spectra of excitations.
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