Abstract
The ever-rising demands for energy dense electrochemical storage systems have been driving interests in beyond Li-ion batteries such as those based on lithium and magnesium metals. These high energy density batteries suffer from several challenges, several of which stem from the flammability/volatility of the electrolytes and/or instability of the electrolytes with either the negative, positive electrode or both. Recently, hydride-based electrolytes have been paving the way towards overcoming these issues. Namely, highly performing solid-state electrolytes have been reported and several key challenges in multivalent batteries were overcome. In this review, the classes of hydride-based electrolytes reported for energy dense batteries are discussed. Future perspectives are presented to guide research directions in this field.
Highlights
Over the past few decades, nickel-metal hydride and later lithium-ion batteries, have been thrusted to the forefront of societal electrification owing to their energy density and reliable performances.For instance, the relatively high specific energy densities of Li-ion batteries and higher specific power have positioned them to play an increasingly important role in driving technologies encompassing miniature and portable devices, medium scale up to large scale stationary and grid applications [1].recently there have been increasing demands for highly performing batteries beyond those based on typical Li-ion [2]
The combination of the aforementioned strategies resulted in a competent performance (Figure 5) with high current densities (25 mA/cm2 stripping peak current), low deposition (−0.3 V)/stripping (0 V) overpotentials and excellent Mg deposition/stripping coulombic efficiency (94%). These findings demonstrated that simple ionic salts could be made compatible with the magnesium metal if the anion in the salt has sufficient reductive stability, thereby creating a new design space of highly performing electrolytes for Mg batteries
Hydrides were widely investigated as hydrogen storage materials and their potential to electrochemical energy storage devices was limited to the Ni-MH batteries
Summary
Over the past few decades, nickel-metal hydride and later lithium-ion batteries, have been thrusted to the forefront of societal electrification owing to their energy density and reliable performances. The energy and power densities that can be offered by Li-ion batteries are insufficient to meet those needs. This has been fueling R&D efforts towards battery chemistries capable of meeting these requirements that include solid-state batteries and those based on high capacity metals such as Li and Mg. For example, in contrast to batteries utilizing liquid electrolytes, the use of solid-state electrolytes allows for efficient bipolar stacking design of batteries that decreases the dead space between single cells thereby increasing the overall energy density whilst eliminating the use of volatile liquid electrolytes [3,4]. This review explains how these advancements came to fruition, summarizes the classes of hydride-based electrolytes and highlights key advancements made far
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