Abstract
It remains unclear to what extent shifts in gender attitudes are products of changes in micro-level characteristics, macro-level social transformations, or net cohort and period transitions. We test these questions on 20 waves of data from the General Social Survey, 1977–2016 (N = 45,125). Compositional change in individual characteristics accounts for almost 78 percent of the cohort variation in gender attitudes, but only 32 percent of the historical transformations. Macro dynamics are responsible for an additional 60 percent of the historical change in gender attitudes. Two structural forces are associated with historical transitions in American gender attitudes: gender equality in the labor force and the rise of men’s overwork. Each of these factors accounts for a significant proportion of the period variation in gender attitudes in our analysis, and the rise of men’s overwork appears to account for the puzzle of the “stalled revolution” in the 1990s and its “restart” in the mid-2000s. The conservative swing in 1994–2004 correlates with the rise of overwork, as the proportion of men who overwork soared during this period when traditional gender roles were reinforced.
Highlights
Anthrax, the disease caused by the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a zoonosis occurring nearly worldwide [1]
We found that concentrations of P (U = 41, p = 0.026; figure 3a) and Na (U = 23, p = 0.001; figure 3f ) were significantly higher at locally infectious zones (LIZs) than at control sites
We examined the effect of proxy-LIZs on the environment and on the behaviour of bison and elk to assess the potential risks for foraging-based disease transmission in a montane ecosystem
Summary
The disease caused by the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a zoonosis occurring nearly worldwide [1]. The posited common route of transmission for herbivores is ingestion of B. anthracis spores while grazing [3]. Spores can germinate and proliferate, causing disease, and in many cases, host death. Once formed, spores can remain in the soil for extended periods of time ( potentially years to decades) until ingestion by another host, starting the cycle over again [4]. The carcass site and the area immediately surrounding the carcass of hosts killed by anthrax can become locally infectious zones (LIZs) where high concentrations of B. anthracis spores occur [5,6]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
