Beyond the semiclassical approximation of the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation: Collapses and revivals as a sign of quantum fluctuations.

Abstract

We study a two-state quantum-mechanical system, equivalent to a 1/2-spin dipole, with frequency ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{0}$, linearly interacting with a set of quantum oscillators. The corresponding discrete nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation (DNSE) has been given an analytical solution by Kenkre and Campbell [Phys. Rev. B 34, 4959 (1986)]. We show that in the strong-coupling limit their analytical expression is recovered from our microscopic approach when the thermal and quantum fluctuations of the bath of oscillators are neglected. To take into account the influence of thermal and quantum fluctuations on the prediction of the DNSE in the strong-coupling limit, we adopt a straightforward procedure based on the direct evaluation of 〈${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{x}}$(t)〉, under the assumption alone that the frequency ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{0}$ is very weak. A special initial condition is used, with 〈${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{x}}$(t)〉=1 and the oscillator at equilibrium in the corresponding effective potential. It is shown that in the strong-coupling limit this expression coincides with the noninteracting-blip approximation of Leggett et al. [Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 1 (1987)] and the result of the equivalent projection approach of Aslangul, Pottier, and Saint-James [J. Phys. (Paris) 46, 2031 (1985); 47, 1657 (1986)]. Then, this expression is used to study the special case where the 1/2 spin interacts with only one oscillator at zero temperature. It is shown that the fast oscillations predicted by Kenkre and Campbell in the strong-coupling limit are damped by a Gaussian-like relaxation process provoked by the quantum fluctuations of the oscillator, which eventually lead to the destruction of the trapped state. These collapses are followed by periodical revivals reminiscent of those observed in quantum optics.