Abstract
The communication between organs participates in the regulation of body homeostasis under physiological conditions and the progression and adaptation of diseases under pathological conditions. The communication between the liver and the eyes has been received more and more attention. In this review, we summarized some molecular mediators that can reflect the relationship between the liver and the eye, and then extended the metabolic relationship between the liver and the eye. We also summarized some typical diseases and phenotypes that have been able to reflect the liver-eye connection in the clinic, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). The close connection between the liver and the eye is reflected through multiple pathways such as metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In addition, we presented the connection between the liver and the eye in traditional Chinese medicine, and introduced the fact that artificial intelligence may use the close connection between the liver and the eye to help us solve some practical clinical problems. Paying attention to liver-eye communication will help us have a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of certain communication between liver diseases and eyes, and provide new ideas for their potential therapeutic strategy.
Highlights
In recent years, the communication between organs has received more and more attention
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a cytokine mainly secreted by kupffer cells of the liver, but the expression of HGF receptors has been detected in the cornea, lens and retinal tissues of the eye, which can maintain the structure and function of corneal epithelial cells, lens epithelial cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells (Grierson et al, 2000)
They found that HGF signaling plays a role in regulating the transcription profile of retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) (Mertz et al, 2021).it will be intriguing to study whether altered expression of HGF in liver diseases could exsert distance influence on ocular condition
Summary
The communication between organs has received more and more attention. FGF21 can affect autophagy, the level of FGF21 increases under fasting induction, which can dephosphorylate the transcription factor EB, in addition induce the expression of genes related to autophagy (Chen et al, 2017a). The increase in FGF21 expression level boosting liver function, maintain retinal neuron activity, regulating pathological microglia proliferation, strengthening the retinal antioxidant defense system, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and improving retinal function, and mediate and inhibit retinal neovascularization. What’s more, the analogues of long-acting FGF21 have recently been found to improve the permeability of tight junctions by increasing the level of tight junction proteins for example Claudin-1 in human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced human retinal microvascular endothelial cells and C57BL/6J mice, leading to the reduction of vascular leakage in retinal diseases (Tomita et al, 2020b). It seems promising to use FGF21 as a treatment direction for ocular vascular diseases
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