Abstract
This study aims to develop a workable scoring technique for sand tray to evaluate resilience. 207 undergraduates were recruited from three public universities in China. Participants made an initial sand tray and completed a questionnaire package. First, a General Sand tray Coding Manual (GSCM) was developed to code the 207 sand trays. Then, correlation and regression analyses were conducted between all GSCM indicators along with application of a widely used resilience scale to identify the final indicators representing resilience. Results showed that three indicators - vitality, water type, and relationship - accounted for 35% of the variance of resilience and form the four-point Likert-type Sand tray Test of Resilience (STR). The inter-rater reliabilities of STR dimensions and total score range from 0.86 to 0.95. The correlations between STR and overall mental health and self-esteem are 0.78 and 0.49, respectively. This study provides an alternative approach to measure resilience and can help to guide psychotherapy and clinical social work.
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