Beyond Predicting the Number of Infections: Predicting Who Is Likely to Be COVID Negative or Positive

Abstract

Background: This study provides the first attempt to identify people at greater risk of COVID-19 infection, enabling more targeted infectious disease prevention and control, which are especially important in the ongoing shortage of COVID-19 testing. Method: We conducted a primary survey of 521 adults on April 1–10, 2020 in Iran, where the official infection rate was 0·08%. In our sample, 3% reported being COVID-19 positive and 15% were unsure of their status. This relatively high positive rate enabled us to conduct the analysis at the 5% significance level. Finding: At the time of the survey, 44% of the adults worked from home; 26% still went to work in their workplaces; 27% had stopped working due to the COVID-19 pandemic; and 3% were unemployed. Adults who exercised more were more likely to be COVID-19 negative. Each additional hour of exercise per day predicted a 78% increase in the likelihood of being COVID-19 negative. Adults with chronic medical illnesses were 48% more likely to be COVID-19 negative. In terms of work situation, those who worked from home were the most likely to be COVID-19 negative, and those who had stopped working were the most likely to be COVID-19 positive. Individuals in larger organizations were less likely to be COVID-19 positive. Interpretation: Given the testing shortage in many countries, we identify a novel approach to predict the likelihood of COVID-19 infection by a set of personal and work situation characteristics, in order to help to identify individuals with more or less risk of contracting the virus. We hope this research opens a new research avenue to identify the individual risk factors of COVID-19 infection to enable more targeted infectious disease prevention, communication, testing, and control to complement the effort to expand testing capacity. Funding Statement: The research was self-funded as a result of research funding freeze in many institutions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The survey was approved (IR.SSRI.REC.1389.685) by the ethics committee of Shahid Rejaee University in Iran.