Abstract
Intensive research effort is currently focused on the development of efficient, reliable, and environmentally safe electrochemical energy storage systems due to the ever-increasing global energy storage demand. Li ion battery systems have been used as the primary energy storage device over the last three decades. However, low abundance and uneven distribution of lithium and cobalt in the earth crust and the associated cost of these materials, have resulted in a concerted effort to develop beyond lithium electrochemical storage systems. In the case of non-Li ion rechargeable systems, the development of electrode materials is a significant challenge, considering the larger ionic size of the metal-ions and slower kinetics. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, MXenes and phosphorene, have garnered significant attention recently due to their multi-faceted advantageous properties: large surface areas, high electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, etc. Consequently, the study of 2D materials as negative electrodes is of notable importance as emerging non-Li battery systems continue to generate increasing attention. Among these interesting materials, graphene has already been extensively studied and reviewed, hence this report focuses on 2D materials beyond graphene for emerging non-Li systems. We provide a comparative analysis of 2D material chemistry, structure, and performance parameters as anode materials in rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors.
Highlights
LIBs have been the predominant rechargeable metal ion battery system for energy storage ever since they were first introduced commercially by Sony in the early 1990s [1]
The MXene produced a specific capacity of 42 mAh g-1 for the KIB system after 500 cycles of operation and the authors have attributed the superior results to the enhanced interlayer spacing which allows for storage of more ions [145]
Non-LIBs, e.g., SIBs, KIBs, magnesium ion battery system (MIB), are seen as increasingly attractive alternative because they can be suitably utilized for large-scale grid storage at a reduced cost compared to LIB systems
Summary
LIBs have been the predominant rechargeable metal ion battery system for energy storage ever since they were first introduced commercially by Sony in the early 1990s [1]. A few examples of notable non-LIB metal ion rechargeable battery systems that have received significant attention include the sodium ion battery system (SIB), the potassium ion battery system (KIB), the magnesium ion battery system (MIB) along with aluminum and calcium ion battery systems [7, 8] These materials are significantly more abundant in the earth’s crust than Li, and their disposal does not pose as much of an environmental hazard. MXenes are 2D inorganic compounds (usually transition metal nitrides or carbides) that continue to generate considerable interest [21] They possess good conductivity and are being investigated as anodes for battery and supercapacitor applications as well as for other areas such as hydrogen storage and as adsorbents [22, 23].
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