Abstract
Despite continued improvements in virtual reality (VR) technologies, many people still experience adverse symptoms from using head-mounted displays (HMDs). Typically, these symptoms are monitored through self-report measures, such as the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ); however, by only using subjective measures many symptoms may be overlooked. In an application-based study, we investigated visual and cognitive aftereffects of using HMDs and their relationship to the reporting of sickness on the SSQ. Visual (accommodation and vergence) and cognitive (reaction time and rapid visual processing) assessments were employed before and after participants engaged in a 30-minute VR table tennis game (VR group, n = 27) or went about their daily activities (control group, n = 28). The data showed changes in accommodation but no concurrent changes in vergence, which likely stems from decoupling accommodation and vergence in VR. Furthermore, larger changes in accommodation were linked to more severe sickness symptoms suggesting that decoupling accommodation and vergence could be more adverse than previously thought. The VR group also had slower decision (cognitive) times, but movement times were unaffected. These findings go beyond the typical self-reporting of sickness in VR studies. Moreover, we demonstrate that even in a high-quality commercial virtual environment, users may experience visual and cognitive aftereffects that may negatively influence their experience with subsequent activities in the real world. Developing an understanding of how VR aftereffects may influence later activities could help to minimise the risk of using HMDs for various applications and may be valuable to obtain a better understanding of user issues and VR safety.
Highlights
The oculomotor system performs an essential function in depth perception and adaptation to environments
Establishing how visual and cognitive aftereffects may present in existing applications will be useful to researchers that are planning on developing novel virtual environments for specific purposes
These findings show that objective measures of the visual and cognitive aftereffects of virtual reality (VR) may provide insight beyond self-report measures of VR sickness
Summary
The oculomotor system performs an essential function in depth perception and adaptation to environments. The left eye sees a left view of the world, and the right eye sees the right view. The brain fuses these two offset viewpoints to create one seamless threedimensional perspective of the world—this is called binocular vision. Oculomotor functions, such as vergence and accommodation, are responsible for achieving a single and clear focal point. Vergence is the rotation of the eyes inward towards a focal point; this is. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Andrea F.
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