Abstract
Analyzing statements of facts and claims in online discourse is subject of a multitude of research areas. Methods from natural language processing and computational linguistics help investigate issues such as the spread of biased narratives and falsehoods on the Web. Related tasks include fact-checking, stance detection and argumentation mining. Knowledge-based approaches, in particular works in knowledge base construction and augmentation, are concerned with mining, verifying and representing factual knowledge. While all these fields are concerned with strongly related notions, such as claims, facts and evidence, terminology and conceptualisations used across and within communities vary heavily, making it hard to assess commonalities and relations of related works and how research in one field may contribute to address problems in another. We survey the state-of-the-art from a range of fields in this interdisciplinary area across a range of research tasks. We assess varying definitions and propose a conceptual model – Open Claims – for claims and related notions that takes into consideration their inherent complexity, distinguishing between their meaning, linguistic representation and context. We also introduce an implementation of this model by using established vocabularies and discuss applications across various tasks related to online discourse analysis.
Highlights
The Web has evolved into an ubiquitous platform where many people have the opportunity to be publishers, to express opinions and to interact with others
To the best of our knowledge, the first extensive survey on the conceptualization of facts and claims, several works have looked into different aspects of the problem providing overviews of related work in specific areas related to these aspects
R If we look at textual representations of a claim, the task can be approached by first extracting textual utterances, grouping them together according to their meaning by the help of textual similarity methods and identifying in a cluster of semantically equivalent utterances one that will serve
Summary
The Web has evolved into an ubiquitous platform where many people have the opportunity to be publishers, to express opinions and to interact with others. – A conceptual model (Section 4), which we call Open Claims Model, and corresponding terminology of claims and their constituents and context, that is grounded in both scientific literature in related fields such as argumentation mining or discourse analysis as well as the actual practices of representing and sharing claims on the Web, for instance, as part of fact-checking sites To this end, we provide an OWL (Web Ontology Language) implementation of the model as well as an RDF/S (Resource Description Framework Schema) implementation that uses state-of-the-art vocabularies, such as schema.org and PROV-O (Provenance Ontology), in order to facilitate Web-scale sharing, discovery and reuse of claims and their context, for instance through semi-structured Web page markup or as part of dedicated knowledge graphs (KGs) such as ClaimsKG [176].
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