Beyond antibodies: B cells in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Bystanders, contributors or therapeutic targets?

Abstract

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis in which B cells play a prominent but unclear role. Our understanding of the role of B cells in innate and adaptive immunity (including antibody production, antigen presentation and effector functions) is rapidly evolving; and these novel findings require integration into the pathophysiologic model of HS. B cells are transiently present in normal human skin and have functions in the maintenance of innate cutaneous immunity. Recruitment and trafficking of B cells in significant numbers to skin is mediated via B cell-specific chemokines as well as shared signalling with T-cells. The evidence suggests that the presence of antibody-secreting B cells is not sufficient to induce clinical disease and T-cell interaction is required to induce clinical disease. Such interactions can occur in secondary lymphoid organs adjacent to involved tissue or in tertiary lymphoid organs which develop in response to the HS inflammatory milieu. This milieu directly mediates the types of antibodies produced by B cells, given the role of cytokines in B-cell class switching. Identified antibodies in HS (IgG, IgM, ASCA, ACPA) currently demonstrate no evidence of pathogenicity, but may be novel biomarkers for disease severity. B cells also have anti-inflammatory properties through production of IL-10 and IL-35 which require experimental validation. Overall, B cells in HS are likely to be involved in amplification of a pre-existing inflammatory response; but it remains unclear whether they may be directly pathogenic.