Abstract
Life history variables such as the age at first reproduction and the interval between consecutive births are measures of investment in growth and reproduction in a particular population or species. As such they allow for meaningful comparisons of the speed of growth and reproduction between species and between larger taxa. Especially in primates such life history research has far reaching implications and has led for instance to the “grandmother hypothesis”. Other links have been proposed with respect to dietary adaptations: Because protein is essential for growth and one of the primary sources of protein, leaves, occurs much less seasonally than fruits, it has been predicted that folivorous primates should grow faster compared to frugivorous ones. However, when comparing folivorous Asian colobines with frugivorous Asian macaques we recently documented a longer, instead of a shorter gestation length in folivores while age at first reproduction and interbirth interval did not differ. This supports earlier findings for Malagasy lemurs in which all life history variables tested were significantly longer in folivores compared to frugivores. Wondering why these trends were not apparent sooner, we tried to reconstruct our results for Asian primates with data from four popular life history compilations. However, this attempt failed; even the basic, allometric relationship with adult female body mass that is typical for life history variables could not be recovered. This negative result hints at severe problems with data quality. Here we show that data quality can be improved significantly by standardizing the variables and by controlling for factors such as nutritional conditions or infant mortality. Ideally, in the future, revised primate life history data should be collated in a central database accessible to everybody. In the long run such an initiative should be expanded to include all mammalian species.
Highlights
Using Different Data Compilations Testing the effects of body mass and taxon on gestation length, PGLS results were identical to non-phylogenetic linear model results in all cases but one (Ernest for gestation length)
Neither the PGLS model nor the standard analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model were significant at alpha = 0.05 (P = 0.636 and 0.349, respectively)
Had we used any of the other existing datasets and not compiled our own, we would still be unaware that gestation length in Asian colobines is significantly longer than in Asian macaques
Summary
Of all 12,001 life history values listed for primates in the PanTHERIA database [17], 67% had no information on wild versus provisioned conditions and for 76% of the 462 interbirth interval entries, infant survival was not mentioned. When comparing the folivorous colobines with the frugivorous macaques in our sample while controlling for body mass, we found a longer, instead of a shorter gestation length in folivores while age at first reproduction and interbirth interval did not differ [63].
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