Abstract
The paper seeks to describe beverage consumption and examine the association between beverage consumption and total water intake and total energy intake of the adult population in the Balearic Islands. Beverage consumption, total water intake, and total energy intake were obtained by using two 24-h diet recalls from a cross-sectional nutritional survey carried out in the Balearic Islands (n = 1386). The contribution of beverages to total water intake and total energy intake were also assessed. Beverages accounted for 65–71% of total water intake and 29–35% of it provided by drinking water. Food moisture contributed 31–37% of total water intake. The mean daily total water intake from all sources was around 2.2 L for men and 1.9 L for women and slightly lower than the proposed adequate intake (AI) recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The mean total energy intake was 2222 kcal/day and beverages contributed 10.3% of total energy intake for men and 9.5% for women. Energy intake from beverages varied with age. In both sexes, milk was the main beverage contributed to total energy intake. The energy contribution of caloric soft drinks was 1.8% for men and 1.2% for women and energy intake from these beverages was significantly higher among younger adults. Water was the main beverage in the diet, followed by milk and hot beverages. Beverages were mainly consumed in the main meal times (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) in both sexes. The main findings of this study indicate that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (caloric soft drinks and commercial fruit juice) is higher among young adults, consumption of alcoholic beverages is higher among males aged 26 and older, and TWI (total water intake) is lower than the EFSA recommendations. These findings may be used to develop effective, healthy eating and drinking policies and campaigns.
Highlights
Water intake is very essential for human life because water accounts for 50–60% of adult body mass and we need water for the enzymatic and chemical reactions and excretion of metabolic waste from our body [1]
The sampling technique included stratification according to municipality size, age, and sex of inhabitants, and the samples were randomization into subgroups, with the Balearic Islands municipalities being the primary sampling units, and individuals within these municipalities comprising the final sample units
The present study investigated the beverage consumption and total water intake (TWI) and total energy intake (TEI) from beverages among Balearic adults
Summary
Water intake is very essential for human life because water accounts for 50–60% of adult body mass and we need water for the enzymatic and chemical reactions and excretion of metabolic waste from our body [1]. While in our early ancestors’ diet consisted of only drinking water and breast milk [2,3], our beverage choices are vast. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) estimates that 70–80% of total water intake (TWI). Comes from drinking water and beverages, while the remaining 20–30% is obtained from food. Estimates of the Spanish population fall slightly outside these estimations [5]. The contribution of foods and beverages to the TWI for the Spanish population are 32% and 68% [5], respectively. Still, drinking water is the main source of water in the diet of all age groups, and consumption of other beverages varies according to age [6,7,8,9,10,11,12]
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