Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are a focal point for the removal of microplastic (MP) particles before they are discharged into aquatic environments. WWTPs are capable of removing substantial quantities of larger MP particles but are inefficient in removing particles with any one dimension of less than 100 μm, with influents and effluents tending to have similar quantities of these smaller particles. As a single WWTP may release >100 billion MP particles annually, collectively WWTPs are significant contributors to the problem of MP pollution of global surface waters. Currently, there are no policies or regulations requiring the removal of MPs during wastewater treatment, but as concern about MP pollution grows, the potential for wastewater technologies to capture particles before they reach surface waters has begun to attract attention. There are promising technologies in various stages of development that may improve the removal of MP particles from wastewater. Better incentivization could speed up the research, development and adoption of innovative practices. This paper describes the current state of knowledge regarding MPs, wastewater and relevant policies that could influence the development and deployment of new technologies within WWTPs. We review existing technologies for capturing very small MP particles and examine new developments that may have the potential to overcome the shortcomings of existing methods. The types of collaborations needed to encourage and incentivize innovation within the wastewater sector are also discussed, specifically strong partnerships among scientific and engineering researchers, industry stakeholders, and policy decision makers.
Highlights
Since the 1940s, plastics have revolutionized society to the extent that most people use and depend on plastic products on a daily basis
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are a focal point for the removal of microplastic (MP) particles before they are discharged into aquatic environments
wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) already capture a sizeable proportion of micro plastics (MPs) particles from WW but owing to the large volumes of WW processed within these plants, treated WW still makes a sizeable contribution to aquatic MP pollution
Summary
Since the 1940s, plastics have revolutionized society to the extent that most people use and depend on plastic products on a daily basis. C. Via wear and tear of plastic components used in the WWTPs. As there are different routes by which MP waste from different sources reaches the seas and oceans, reducing the flow of such small plastic particles requires a multi-faceted approach. Of the four routes described above, the first two are widely acknowledged as the major sources of marine MPs and have attracted much of the attention and effort related to reducing plastic pollution, including reducing the quantity of plastics manufactured and used as well as better waste management approaches (Booth et al, 2018; Browne et al, 2011; Jambeck et al, 2015; Lam et al, 2018; Sundt et al, 2014; Thompson, 2015). We set the knowledge gathered within the context of current policy discussions and highlight possible limitations and opportunities going forward, including highlighting knowledge gaps that are currently hindering said policy development for effective regulation of MPs in WWTP effluents
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