Between Policy and Lived Realities: Situating the Experiences of Interstate Migrant Workers in Kerala

Abstract

Kerala has a long history of emigration and immigration of migrant workers, especially to the Gulf countries, leading to labour shortages filled by migrants from other states in the country seeking higher wages and better opportunities. Around 3.4 million interstate migrants work in Kerala's construction, manufacturing, agriculture and other sectors. Migrants have achieved partial integration into Kerala society by learning Malayalam to foster better communication, marrying locals in some cases, and adding North Indian cuisine and culture to the local landscape. However, they also face discrimination and exploitation at times. Despite Kerala's progressive policies for migrant welfare like housing, insurance, education and language support schemes, many migrants are unaware or unable to access benefits. Migrants still face hardships including unfair wages, poor living conditions, lack of healthcare, and have protested against rights violations. More inclusive, practical policies addressing migrants' realities and upholding their rights are needed. While Kerala governments have taken proactive and progressive measures, policy and migrants' lived realities remain disconnected, undermining their wellbeing. Bridging this disconnect by making policy consultative, rights-based and grounded in migrants' needs is essential for their sustainable welfare and dignity. The inclusive development of migrants as co-citizens with equitable rights is contingent on the state reconciling policy and ground realities.