Between anatomy and pathology : The dissection reports of Galen of Pergamum

Abstract

The autopsy protocols in the work of the Greco-Roman physician Galen of Pergamum have so far primarily been examined from a literary and socio-historic point of view. An analysis focused on the medical aspects is still incomplete. Which pathologic-anatomic competence do the Galenic section reports convey? The approximately 400 Galenic case histories were examined for anatomic and pathologic statements obtained during dissections of animals and men. In 29 reports, anatomy and pathology issues are addressed. Most section reports can be found in the work On anatomical procedures (De anatomicis administrationibus). The texts do not follow afixed structure. Galen is always the leading actor, observer, and analyst. Many interventions were performed in front of an audience. Monkeys were by far the most commonly dissected animals. Galen stayed away from little animals, because in his opinion their anatomy was not sufficiently similar to that of men. The post-mortem examination of human corpses with scientific intent was limited to victims of epidemics, armed conflicts, and accidents. The dissection reports cover only part of Galen's pathologic expertise. The attractive public opening of animals earned him alarge part of his reputation as ascientifically oriented physician. The dissection reports are an essential part of the collection of Galen's case histories and provide important detailed information on the history of anatomy and pathology in late antiquity.