Abstract
Traditional aluminum adjuvants can trigger strong humoral immunity but weak cellular immunity, limiting their application in some vaccines. Currently, various immunomodulators and delivery carriers are used as adjuvants, and the mechanisms of action of some of these adjuvants are clear. However, customizing targets of adjuvant action (cellular or humoral immunity) and action intensity (enhancement or inhibition) according to different antigens selected is time-consuming. Here, we review the adjuvant effects of some delivery systems and immune stimulants. In addition, to improve the safety, effectiveness, and accessibility of adjuvants, new trends in adjuvant development and their modification strategies are discussed.
Highlights
Ag85B protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis fused with HspX antigen (AH) as an antigen, toll-like receptor (TLR) receptor agonist poly (I:C) modified by arabinogalactan as an adjuvant (AG-P), and antigen–adjuvant codelivery vaccine AH-AG-P were obtained by chemical coupling
Vaccines play an important role in preventing infectious diseases; no effective vaccines against AIDS, tuberculosis, or many other diseases have been developed
A limited number of adjuvants and the limited understanding of their mechanism of action prevent the rational design of vaccines
Summary
New vaccines with high purity and good safety are gradually replacing some attenuated and inactivated vaccines in clinical practice. These new vaccines have weak immunogenicity and do not induce an effective immune response when used alone [1]. Aluminum-containing adjuvants (hereafter referred to as aluminum adjuvants) were the first human vaccine adjuvants approved in clinical use These adjuvants induce strong humoral immunity, they are not effective for inducing cellular immunity [2], often making them ineffective against intracellular virus infections [3]. We focus on the properties of adjuvants and trends in adjuvant research such as the development of various delivery systems as adjuvants, discovery of novel adjuvants, structural modification, application of new small-molecule immune stimulants, and attempts of adjuvant–antigen codelivery
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