Abstract
The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. Since the first description of the disease at the end of the 1980s, a considerable amount of research has gone into understanding the mechanisms involved in fish infection, developing reliable diagnostic methods, and control measures, and several comprehensive reviews have been published to date. This review focuses on host–virus interaction and epidemiological aspects, comprising viral distribution and transmission as well as the continuously increasing host range (177 susceptible marine species and epizootic outbreaks reported in 62 of them), with special emphasis on genotypes and the effect of global warming on NNV infection, but also including the latest findings in the NNV life cycle and virulence as well as diagnostic methods and VER disease control.
Highlights
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN)
Based on a small variable sequence of RNA2, namely the T4 region, betanodaviruses have been traditionally classified into four genotypes, which correspond to the species recognised by the International Committee on taxonomy of viruses (ICTV): red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (BFNNV), tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus (TPNNV) and striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) [42]
An alternative classification scheme of betanodaviruses was proposed by Thiéry et al [53] which refers to betanodavirus genotypes as numbers (I, II, III and IV, corresponding to RGNNV, BFNNV, TPNNV and SJNNV, respectively) and establishes subgroups within the genotypes
Summary
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN). The causative agent of VER was first described as a “picorna-like virus” [4,5], but after the characterization of a virus purified from diseased larval striped jack (Pseudocaranx dentex), it was considered a new member of the family Nodaviridae [6]. This first piscine nodavirus was designated as striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV). We present the environmental conditions...), disease epidemiology impact of global warming onlatest findings to theand betanodavirus range and andinfection distribution, with special emphasis on genotypes, the related development spread of thehost disease...). We host–virus and VER epidemiology, as well as diagnostics anddistribution, potential control measures presentinteraction, the latest findings related to the betanodavirus host range and with special emphasis for the disease.on genotypes, host–virus interaction, and VER epidemiology, as well as diagnostics and potential control measures for the disease
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