Abstract
The Nagoya Protocol is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity that provides a framework for the effective implementation of the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including invertebrate biological control agents. The Protocol came into force on 12 October 2014, and requires signatories and countries acceding to the Protocol to develop a legal framework to ensure access to genetic resources, benefit-sharing and compliance. The biological control community of practice needs to comply with access and benefit sharing regulations arising under the Protocol. The IOBC Global Commission on Biological Control and Access and Benefit Sharing has prepared this best practices guide for the use and exchange of invertebrate biological control genetic resources for the biological control community of practice to demonstrate due diligence in responding to access and benefit sharing requirements, and to reassure the international community that biological control is a very successful and environmentally safe pest management method based on the use of biological diversity. We propose that components of best practice include: collaborations to facilitate information exchange about what invertebrate biological control agents are available and where they may be obtained; knowledge sharing through freely available databases that document successes (and failures); cooperative research to develop capacity in source countries; and transfer of production technology to provide opportunities for small-scale economic activity. We also provide a model concept agreement that can be used for scientific research and non-commercial release into nature where access and benefit sharing regulations exist, and a model policy for provision of invertebrate biological control agents to other parties where access and benefit sharing regulations are not restrictive or do not exist.
Highlights
IntroductionSince the earliest days of modern biological control in the ninteenth century, there has been a community of practice based on free multilateral exchange of invertebrate biological control agents (IBCAs) (Debach 1964), rather than bilateral exchange or defined benefit sharing agreements
The Convention on Biological Diversity recognises that countries have sovereign rights over the genetic resources within their boundaries, and parties to the Convention have the authority to determine access to these genetic resources (CBD 1993)
We propose that components of best practice include: collaborations to facilitate information exchange about what invertebrate biological control agents are available and where they may be obtained; knowledge sharing through freely available databases that document successes; cooperative research to develop capacity in source countries; and transfer of production technology to provide opportunities for small-scale economic activity
Summary
Since the earliest days of modern biological control in the ninteenth century, there has been a community of practice based on free multilateral exchange of IBCAs (Debach 1964), rather than bilateral exchange or defined benefit sharing agreements Countries are both providers and users of IBCAs. Countries are both providers and users of IBCAs It has usually made good practical sense to collaborate with a research organisation in a (potential) source country, and the need for collaborative research in the source country has grown together with the need for more detailed risk and environmental impact assessment studies. Informal networks are effective when it comes to providing known IBCAs, e.g., from a country where they are native or have already been introduced, and in the case of redistribution of a recently introduced IBCA within a country
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