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Abstract
Pinnipeds spend large portions of their lives at sea, submerged, or hauled-out on land, often on remote off-shore islands. This fundamentally limits access by researchers to critical parts of pinniped life history and has spurred the development and implementation of a variety of externally attached telemetry devices (ETDs) to collect information about movement patterns, physiology and ecology of marine animals when they cannot be directly observed. ETDs are less invasive and easier to apply than implanted internal devices, making them more widely used. However, ETDs have limited retention times and their use may result in negative short- and long-term consequences including capture myopathy, impacts to energetics, behavior, and entanglement risk. We identify 15 best practice recommendations for the use of ETDs with pinnipeds that address experimental justification, animal capture, tag design, tag attachment, effects assessments, preparation, and reporting. Continued improvement of best practices is critical within the framework of the Three Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement); these best practice recommendations provide current guidance to mitigate known potential negative outcomes for individuals and local populations. These recommendations were developed specifically for pinnipeds; however, they may also be applicable to studies of other marine taxa. We conclude with four desired future directions for the use of ETDs in technology development, validation studies, experimental designs and data sharing.
Highlights
Externally affixed telemetry devices (ETDs) have been used very effectively to monitor movement, behavior and physiology of highly mobile vertebrates since the 1960s [21, 50, 59, 71]. This approach has been especially useful for marine vertebrates—pinnipeds in particular—that often spend a considerable amount of time in remote locations or submerged [44, 53, 63, 78]
The original ‘Kooyman’ Time–Depth Recorder (TDR) was based on a modified, 60-min wind-up kitchen timer integrated with a Bourdon tube pressure transducer connected to a stylus that scratched into smoked glass
Best practice recommendations Pinniped researchers have primarily relied on their own experience tagging animals, knowledge gained from colleagues, and information from select published studies to justify and improve the use of external telemetry devices (ETDs) and to design experiments and devices
Summary
Affixed telemetry devices (ETDs) have been used very effectively to monitor movement, behavior and physiology of highly mobile vertebrates since the 1960s [21, 50, 59, 71]. Best practice recommendations Pinniped researchers have primarily relied on their own experience tagging animals, knowledge gained from colleagues, and information from select published studies to justify and improve the use of external telemetry devices (ETDs) and to design experiments and devices.
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