Abstract
<p>The irrigated areas in Tunisia were esteemed in 2010 to over 420 thousand hectares and represents 8% of farmland, this little area providing 35% of the total crop production. This situation makes it exert enormous pressure on the irrigated sector that his intensification is very associated to increased inputs including especially pesticides. However, the irrational use and abuse of pesticides associated with an inadequate irrigation system management are a great threat of contamination to groundwater resources and constitute one of the greatest challenges facing Tunisian government today. According to FAO, 2013, the adoption of the concept of best practices can meet this challenge. These best practices are not only a practice that are best, but a practices that have been proven to work well and produce good results, and are therefore recommended as a model. This paper aims to analyze in a framework of global environmental approach, the role of the best irrigation practices (BIPs) to reduce environmental impact on groundwater resource. Finally, it was proposed a set of best irrigation practices completed by the technical recommendations for limiting the environmental impact of pesticide in groundwater resource.</p>
Highlights
Land and water resources and the way they are used are central to the challenge of improving food security across the world
To better control the pesticides leaching from soil to groundwater, we suggest that the best irrigation practices can be associated to soil best management practices, such as: the adding of the organic amendments to the soil (Daniel & Rai, 2006); the use of the cover crops issued from the bed planting technique (Cassigneul et al, 2015) and the incorporate by the techniques of tillage the pesticides to soil before irrigation
Agricultural pesticides pollution of water surface and groundwater by nutrients and pesticides has been identified as a major problem in Tunisia
Summary
Land and water resources and the way they are used are central to the challenge of improving food security across the world. Tunisia imports every year about 4000 tons of pesticide, (mainly used for weed crop) and the average amount of active substance per application and per hectare is high (about 4 kg), the used volume remains exaggerated (300 liter/ha) (Bahrouni et al, 2015) This reflects the absence of a global vision which shows no link between irrigation system management and the hug quantity of pesticides used. The mastery of the irrigation system management offers tremendous scope to control runoff, and to minimize the contamination of groundwater resource (Jensen et al, 1990) In this sense, Mchugh et al (2008) have demonstrated that subsurface drip irrigation under deficit irrigation has the potential to store in-crop rainfall more than subsurface drip under full and furrow irrigation in terms of runoff reduction carrying pesticides under rainstorm conditions. This work was completed by the technical recommendations for limiting the environmental impact of pesticide in groundwater resource
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