Berry flux diagonalization: Application to electric polarization

Abstract

The switching polarization of a ferroelectric is a characterization of the current that flows due to changes in polarization when the system is switched between two states. Computation of this change in polarization in crystal systems has been enabled by the modern theory of polarization, where it is expressed in terms of a change in Berry phase as the material switches. It is straightforward to compute this change of phase, but only modulo $2\pi$, requiring a branch choice from among a lattice of values separated by $2\pi$. The measured switching polarization depends on the actual path along which the material switches, which in general involves nucleation and growth of domains and is therefore quite complex. In this work, we present a physically motivated approach for predicting the experimentally measured switching polarization that involves separating the change in phase between two states into as many gauge-invariant smaller phase changes as possible. As long as the magnitudes of these smaller phase changes remain smaller than $\pi$, their sum forms a phase change which corresponds to the change one would find along any path involving minimal evolution of the atomic and electronic structure. We show that for typical ferroelectrics, including those that would have otherwise required a densely sampled path, this technique allows the switching polarization to be computed without any need for intermediate sampling between oppositely polarized states.