Berry curvature, orbital magnetization, and Nernst effect in biased bilayer WSe$_2$

Abstract

A valley-contrasting Berry curvature in bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides with spin-orbit coupling can generate valley magnetization when the inversion symmetry is broken, for example, by an electric field, regardless of time-reversal symmetry. A nontrivial Berry curvature can also lead to anomalous transport responses, such as the anomalous Hall effect and the anomalous Nernst effect. Applied to a bilayer WSe$_2$, an electric field can tune the Berry curvature and orbital magnetic moment, which has important consequences for the orbital magnetization and the anomalous Nernst responses. The orbital magnetization and its two contributions, one due to the magnetic moment and one due to the Berry curvature, are calculated and interpreted in terms of opposite circulating currents of the bands in the two layers. The valley anomalous Nernst coefficient and spin Nernst coefficient are also calculated. We find that a finite electric field leads to peaks and dips in the Nernst responses that have the signs of the Berry curvatures of the bands and are proportional to their magnitudes; it also enhances the valley Nernst responses. These experimentally verifiable findings may be promising for caloritronic applications.