Abstract
Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997) was a British philosopher, historian of ideas, and political theorist. He lectured and published on many subjects, including rival conceptions of liberty, the plurality of values, the nature of history, Enlightenment versus Counter‐Enlightenment, Russian thinkers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, nationalism, and cultural belonging. Today, he is still best known for his lecture, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958), in which he sets out his version of the distinction between negative and positive liberty, attacking the positive notion in the context of the Cold War. Increasingly, though, discussion of Berlin's work has turned to his understanding of the plurality and incommensurability of basic human values and the implications of this for ethics and politics.
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