Abstract
Farms and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important sources of endocrine disruptors, which may have potential adverse effects on the nearby receiving river and potential human health risks. Benzophenone (BPs) and synthetic progestin were determined in water and sediment samples of the discharge source and receiving river. BPs and synthetic progestin ranged from not detected (N.D.) to 400.53 ng L−1 in water samples and from N.D. to 359.92 ng g−1 dw in sediment, respectively, and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and ethinyl estradiol (EE2) were the main detected objects. Correlation analysis showed that pollutants discharged from livestock farms were the main contributor to the receiving river. The distribution of pollutants in different regions was related to higher population density and livestock activities. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) were investigated for ecological risk assessment in the study area, and 86% of the samples exceeded the baseline value of chronic toxicity. Benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP) and benzophenone (BP) were identified as the main substances that caused medium risk in the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, BPs and synthetic progesterone should be given more attention in the future.
Highlights
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), as emerging pollutants, are frequently detected in different environmental media and have become an important research eld
The concentrations of BPs and synthetic progestin in livestock farms, aquaculture farms, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and Huangpu River are shown in Fig. 2 and Table S4.† The detection range of BPs was N.D.–400.53 ng LÀ1, and the average concentration was between 1.68 and 18.01 ng LÀ1
We studied the occurrence of BPs and synthetic progestin in the wastewater and sediments from farms and WWTPs, and their in uence on the nearby rivers and the ecological risk were investigated
Summary
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), as emerging pollutants, are frequently detected in different environmental media and have become an important research eld. Overturf et al exposed female fathead minnows to a concentration of 0.8 ng LÀ1 levonorgestrel (LNG), and found that the structure of female eggs was changed signi cantly, and 70% of the females lose their ability to spawn.[14]
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