Benzodiazepine withdrawal in pregnant women with opioid use disorders: An observational study of current clinical practices at a tertiary obstetrical hospital

Abstract

BackgroundAs more patients are admitted for medical complications related to opioid use disorders, physicians are called upon to manage withdrawal from co-occurring substance use disorders. We present an observational study of pregnant women with comorbid opioid and sedative-hypnotic use disorders hospitalized for benzodiazepine withdrawal. ObjectivesOur primary aims were to assess current practices in withdrawal management in the perinatal period in patients admitted to an antepartum unit at a tertiary care setting with comorbid opioid and sedative-hypnotic use disorders; specifically, to identify patterns of withdrawal management, including the type of withdrawal protocol utilized, the total dosage of benzodiazepine used during that protocol, to assess patient variables associated with higher dosing, and to analyze neonatal outcomes. MethodsA chart review of psychiatry consultations for benzodiazepine withdrawal in antepartum women was conducted for patients seen over a 3 year period with manual extraction of patient age, number of pregnancies, modality of benzodiazepine withdrawal management (symptom-triggered versus standing benzodiazepine taper), total amount of benzodiazepine used during the detoxification period, active methadone conversion versus stable methadone dose on admission, and average fetal heart tones during the withdrawal detoxification period. ResultsThe majority of patients (83%) were undergoing methadone conversion or were stable on methadone maintenance. The mean cumulative benzodiazepine dose used was 8.3 ± 10.5 mg in lorazepam equivalents. Women placed on a symptom-triggered protocol received lower mean benzodiazepine doses (2.4 ± 6.9 mg) compared to those on a benzodiazepine taper in conjunction with a symptom-triggered protocol (17.9 ± 20.6 mg; p < 0.001). Women who started methadone during admission tended to receive lower mean lorazepam doses (7.1 ± 10.4) compared to women admitted on stable outpatient doses of methadone (11.5 ± 10.6; p = 0.07). Using t-test and chi-square analyses on a subgroup of women (N = 50), no differences were found between women placed on a taper compared to a symptom-triggered scale alone in neonatal outcomes such as APGARS, NICU admissions, and preterm delivery with low rates of complications in both groups. ConclusionsA symptom-triggered benzodiazepine withdrawal protocol was associated with significantly lower total benzodiazepine use compared to standing taper regimens. Women started on methadone during admission tended to receive lower lorazepam doses compared to women admitted on stable doses of methadone. Preliminary maternal/neonatal outcomes were similar between symptom-triggered and taper groups.