Benzocaine-induced stress in the euryhaline teleost, Centropomus parallelus and its implications for anesthesia protocols

Abstract

The use of anesthetic in fish farming is a traditional practice which aims to reduce the stress caused by transport and handling. However, anesthesia-induction protocols are commonly established and implemented without proper physiological/behavioral evaluation. Additionally, concentration and time of exposure to the anesthetic are often set without considering species-specific responses. The fat snook (Centropomus parallelus) is a fish with great potential for aquaculture. Given its remarkable euryhalinity, it can grow in fresh- or seawater. Most studies on fat snook anesthesia tested natural compounds (essential oils) instead of traditional anesthetics. However, the use of benzocaine is much more common in the commercial sector, as it is easy to obtain and of relatively low cost. The present study aimed at analyzing the effects benzocaine exposure on glucose and cortisol plasma levels (two traditional stress markers in teleost fish), as well as on plasma osmolality, chloride and magnesium, (indicators of osmo-ionic allostasis) in animals acclimated to different salinities. Results showed that while osmo-ionic allostasis was strictly maintained across the treatments, time of anesthesia had a strong positive relationship to plasma cortisol and glucose, regardless the salinity of exposure and acclimation. The results are discussed as they relate to anesthesia protocols and how stress response generated by time of anesthesia may challenge farming flexibility.