Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affects other systems, including the digestive, circulatory, urogenital, and even the central nervous systems, as its receptor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) is expressed in several organs, such as lungs, intestine, heart, esophagus, kidneys, bladder, testes, liver and brain. Different mechanisms, in particular, massive virus replication, extensive apoptosis and necrosis of lung-related epithelial and endothelial cells, vascular leakage, hyperinflammatory responses, overproduction of proinflammatory mediators, cytokine storm, oxidative stress, the downregulation of ACE2 and impairment of the renin-angiotensin system contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Currently, COVID-19 is a global pandemic with no specific antiviral treatment. The favorable abilities of ginger were indicated in patients suffering from osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, respiratory distress, liver diseases, and primary dysmenorrhea. Ginger or its compounds exhibited strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant influences in numerous animal models. This review provides evidence regarding the potential effects of ginger against SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlights its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory impacts in an attempt to consider this plant as an alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of COVID-19.
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