Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbons are the most important contaminants in many saline environments. These environments could have remarkably economic, ecological and scientific value. Halophiles are organisms that require more than 0.2 M NaCl for their growth and can resist the effects of osmotic stress. Halophilic microorganisms propose potential applications in various fields of biotechnology. These microorganisms could be used as a source of metabolites, compatible solutes and other compounds of industrial value. In the last two decades, there have been many reports on the biodegradation of hydrocarbons in salinity environments. This chapter focuses on our growing understanding of Archaea responsible for the degradation of hydrocarbons under aerobic conditions in salinity environs.
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