Abstract
This study aimed at characterising the endophytic bacterial communities living in durum wheat roots, as affected by wheat cultivar and inoculation of the Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae IMA1 and the wheat root endophytic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum B.MD.R.A2. These microorganisms were inoculated, alone or in combination, in durum wheat (cultivars Odisseo and Saragolla). Non-inoculated plants of each cultivar represented the controls. Forty-three days after sowing, roots were deprived of the epiphytic microbiota and subjected to DNA extraction. The DNA was used as template in PCR-DGGE analysis of the 16S rRNA gene (variable region V3–V5) and 16S (region V1–V3) metagenetics. Odisseo and Saragolla root endophytic bacterial biotas differed for number of OTUs and composition. In detail, Pseudomonas was higher in Odisseo than in Saragolla. The inoculation of F. mosseae and L. plantarum increased the abundance of Pseudomonas, some Actinobacteria (e.g., Streptomyces, Microbacterium, two genera including several plant growth promoting (PGP) strains) and Bacteroidetes in both cultivars. However, the endophytic bacterial biota of Saragolla roots inoculated just with lactobacilli did not differ from that of the control. The inoculation of Saragolla with F. mosseae, alone or in combination with lactobacilli, led to higher abundance of Rhodococcus, belonging to Actinobacteria and encompassing PGP strains. First, this work showed that F. mosseae and L. plantarum shape the endophytic bacterial biota of durum wheat roots. Abundance of some OTUs was affected by the microbial inoculation, depending on the cultivar. This result represents a starting point for exploitation of beneficial endophytes of wheat roots.
Highlights
Soil microorganisms have been increasingly recognised as key providers of multiple ecosystem services and essential elements for the completion of biogeochemical cycles, at the basis of long-term soil productivity and health, playing important roles in human nutrition and welfare (Philippot et al, 2013; Avio et al, 2018)
Funneliformis mosseae successfully established mutualistic symbiosis with durum wheat roots, with percentages of colonised root length ranging from 8% to 27%, with no differences between the two cultivars Odisseo and Saragolla
The endophytic community composition of durum wheat root samples was studied by cluster analysis of DGGE profiles (Figure 2)
Summary
Soil microorganisms have been increasingly recognised as key providers of multiple ecosystem services and essential elements for the completion of biogeochemical cycles, at the basis of long-term soil productivity and health, playing important roles in human nutrition and welfare (Philippot et al, 2013; Avio et al, 2018) The majority of such beneficial microbes live in the rhizosphere, a complex and dynamic ecosystem harbouring high numbers of diverse plant growth promoting (PGP) microbial communities, including Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomeromycota) and their associated bacteria, which positively interact with plant roots (Philippot et al, 2013; Turrini et al, 2018). Such studies suggested the occurrence of synergistic interactions with AMF, possibly leading to further positive effects on plant growth, nutrition and health, and to the utilisation of the best performing strains and consortia as biocontrol agents, biofertilizers, and bioenhancers (Rouphael et al, 2015; Turrini et al, 2018)
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