Abstract
The present study is performed to investigate the effect of two different glucosamine containing drugs: Drug 1 and Drug 2 (D1 and D2) against CCl4 induced brain damage in male albino rats. Liverin (AM) was employed in the current study as an antioxidant reference drug. CCl4 administration caused a significant elevation in the levels of MDA and NO of brain tissue, in association with a significant decrease in the antioxidant defense system (GSH, SOD and GPX) that indicated the induction of oxidative stress in brain tissue. CCl4 administration induced brain injury as manifested by the obtained changes in neurotransmitter parameter (norepinephrine (NE), Dopamine (DA), Serotonin (5-HT), and Acetylcholinesterase AChE). The tested nutraceuticals and the antioxidant drug displayed a significant improvement against the undue effect of CCl4 via decreasing the brain tissue content of MDA, NO with the elevation of GSH content. Also, the significant increase in SOD and GPX enzymatic activity was obtained when compared to CCL4 group. In addition AM, D1, and D2 have an ameliorative effect on neurotransmitter parameter NE, DA, 5HT, and AChE. Results of this study suggest that both antioxidant drugs and tested nutraceuticals palliate the brain injuries through anti-oxidative effect, with the elimination of the deleterious effect of toxic metabolites of CCl4 on brain tissue.
Highlights
IntroductionGlucosamine (GlcN) has been reported to have anti-tumor (Zahedipour et al. [1]), anti-oxidant (Xing et al [2], Jamialahmadi et al [3]), and anti-allergic activity (Jung et al [4])
CCl4 administration caused a significant elevation in the levels of MDA and NO of brain tissue, in association with a significant decrease in the antioxidant defense system (GSH, SOD and GPX) that indicated the induction of oxidative stress in brain tissue
The brain is highly vulnerable to Oxidative stress (OS) than other organs of the body in view of the unusually high rate of oxygen consumption, being rich in Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and low levels of antioxidant enzymes coupled with high amount of non-haem iron (Chong et al [13] and Somani et al [14])
Summary
Glucosamine (GlcN) has been reported to have anti-tumor (Zahedipour et al. [1]), anti-oxidant (Xing et al [2], Jamialahmadi et al [3]), and anti-allergic activity (Jung et al [4]). Other pharmacological properties of GlcN including protective effects against multiple sclerosis and encephalomyelitis (Zhang et al [5]), learning and memory impairment (Jamialahmadi et al [6]), colitis (Yomogida et al [7]), and ischemic brain injury (Hwang et al [8]) have been investigated. Recent studies further suggest that OGlcN Acylation is involved in the regulation of inflammation and exerts protective effects against inflammation-induced tissue injury, both in the brain and peripheral system (Hwang et al [9], He et al [10] and Zhang et al [11]). The Free radicals generated from CCl4 and the parent molecule by itself, damage endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which leads to lipids peroxidation, reduced protein synthesis and mixed-function oxidases activity (Weber et al [19]). Oxidative stress resulting from the increased production of free radical after CCl4 intoxication may play an important role in the degenerative processes in the tissues (Karadeniz et al [20])
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