Beneficial effects of combination therapy with testosterone and hydrogen sulfide by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis: Rat experimental varicocele model.

Abstract

Despite the effectiveness of testosterone therapy in conditions associated with testosterone deficiency, including varicocele, several dose-dependent side effects limit the clinical use of testosterone therapy. Hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas in high concentrations but a beneficial molecule in low concentrations, acts as both a major effector and an important inducer of testosterone. This study investigated whether a subeffective dose of testosterone combined with a subeffective dose of hydrogen sulfide donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) can be effective in an experimental varicocele model through a possible additive effect. Thirty Wistar rats weighing 200-250 gr were divided into 5 groups as (n = 6/each): sham, varicocele, testosterone (200 µg/kg, 5 times per wk for 4 consecutive weeks), NaHS (15 μmol/L, daily for 4 consecutive wk) and testosterone + NaHS (200 µg/kg, 5 times per wk + 15 μmol/L, daily, both for 4 consecutive wk). All animals, except in the sham group, underwent varicocele induction. The coadministration of testosterone and NaHS significantly increased serum testosterone (10.23 0.95, p = 0.01), testicular H2S levels (608.94 21.09, p 0.001), and testicular superoxide dismutase activity (66.14 1.56, p 0.001), decreased malondialdehyde levels (0.77 0.52, p 0.001), and B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein to B-cell lymphoma 2 (0.16 0.01, p 0.001) protein expression ratio in the testicular tissues and improved sperm parameters and testicular histopathology compared to the varicocele group. The combination therapy of subeffective doses of testosterone and NaHS can attenuate the varicocele-induced damages by reducing testicular oxidative stress and apoptosis and thus can be considered an effective approach with fewer side effects.