Beneficial effects of an aqueous ginger extract on the immune system cells and antibodies, hematology, and thyroid hormones in male smokers and non-smokers

Abstract

The ginger rhizome is widely used for the treatment of diseases and conditions, such as inflammatory and respiratory ailments, which are prevalent in smokers. This study is the first study of the effects of an aqueous ginger extract on the immune system cells and antibodies, thyroid hormones, and hematology in smokers compared to non-smokers. An aqueous ginger extract was administered to 68 male Saudi healthcare workers (33 smokers and 35 non-smokers) daily for 21 days. Blood samples were collected before and after the experimental period to determine the complete and differential blood counts; and concentrations of C-reactive protein, IgG, IgM, and thyroid hormones. Results showed that before consumption of the extract, smokers had a significantly lower mean neutrophil count and higher mean red blood cell (RBC) count compared to non-smokers. At the end of the experimental period, compared to non-smokers, smokers had a significantly higher mean lymphocyte and RBC counts, and hemoglobin concentration; and a significantly lower mean neutrophil count, and IgM and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations. In conclusion, the extract had different effects on cells and antibodies of the immune system in smokers and non-smokers, although both benefited from enhancement of the thyroid gland. Smokers experienced increases in mean RBC counts and hemoglobin levels, thus ginger may be beneficial for smokers with anemia. Non-smokers had increased mean IgM levels, which may lead to a stronger antibody response, or humoral immunity, against infections. Therefore, the aqueous ginger extract had benefits for both smokers and non-smokers.