Abstract
Abstract. The knowledge of flow phenomena in fractured rocks is very important for groundwater resources management in hydrogeological engineering. A critical emerging issue for fractured aquifers is the validity of the Darcian-type "local cubic law", which assumes a linear relationship between flow rate and pressure gradient to accurately describe flow patterns. Experimental data obtained under controlled conditions such as in a laboratory increase our understanding of the fundamental physics of fracture flow and allow us to investigate the presence of non-linear flow inside fractures that generates a substantial deviation from Darcy's law. In this study the presence of non-linear flow in a fractured rock formation has been analyzed at bench scale in laboratory tests. The effects of non-linearity in flow have been investigated by analyzing hydraulic tests on an artificially created fractured rock sample of parallelepiped (0.60 × 0.40 × 0.8 m) shape. The volumes of water passing through different paths across the fractured sample for various hydraulic head differences have been measured, and the results of the experiments have been reported as specific flow rate vs. head gradient. The experimental results closely match the Forchheimer equation and describe a strong inertial regime. The results of the test have been interpreted by means of numerical simulations. For each pair of ports, several steady-state simulations have been carried out varying the hydraulic head difference between the inlet and outlet ports. The estimated linear and non-linear Forchheimer coefficients have been correlated to each other and respectively to the tortuosity of the flow paths. A correlation among the linear and non-linear Forchheimer coefficients is evident. Moreover, a tortuosity factor that influences flow dynamics has been determined.
Highlights
The purpose of this paper is to experimentally investigate the behavior of high velocity flow regimes in a fractured network at bench scale
In most studies examining hydrodynamic processes in saturated porous and fractured media, it is assumed that flow is described by Darcy’s law, which expresses a linear relationship between pressure gradient and flow rate
The control head hc varies in the range of 0.17–1.37 m, and the average flow rates observed are in the range of 3.08 × 10−7–2.99 × 10−5 m3 s−1
Summary
The purpose of this paper is to experimentally investigate the behavior of high velocity flow regimes in a fractured network at bench scale.High velocity flow dynamics can have significant impact in diverse fields such as radioactive waste disposal, geothermal engineering, environmental risk assessment and remediation, reservoir engineering, and groundwater hydrology (Cherubini et al, 2010).In most studies examining hydrodynamic processes in saturated porous and fractured media, it is assumed that flow is described by Darcy’s law, which expresses a linear relationship between pressure gradient and flow rate. The purpose of this paper is to experimentally investigate the behavior of high velocity flow regimes in a fractured network at bench scale. High velocity flow dynamics can have significant impact in diverse fields such as radioactive waste disposal, geothermal engineering, environmental risk assessment and remediation, reservoir engineering, and groundwater hydrology (Cherubini et al, 2010). In most studies examining hydrodynamic processes in saturated porous and fractured media, it is assumed that flow is described by Darcy’s law, which expresses a linear relationship between pressure gradient and flow rate. Darcy’s law has been demonstrated to be valid at low flow regimes (Re 1). For Re > 1 a non-linear flow behavior is likely to occur. Ing and Xiaoyan (2002) have shown how non-Darcian flow has a significant impact on consolidation rate in geotechnics
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