Behind the ‘creative destruction’ of human diets: an analysis of the structure and dynamics of the ultra-processed food manufacturing industry and implications for public health

Abstract

Abstract Background The role of ultra-processed food (UPF) manufacturers in driving unhealthy diets is coming under increasing scrutiny. While many of the strategies used by UPF corporations to push for and maintain high levels of UPF consumption are well documented, there has been limited analysis of how the UPF industry has evolved over time. This study aimed to examine trends in the structure and dynamics of the UPF manufacturing industry as part of efforts to understand and address the political economic drivers of the global UPF dietary transition. Methods We used multiple methods to examine the structure and market dynamics of the UPF industry, according to an adopted structure-conduct-performance model. Quantitative methods were used to analyse diverse metrics (e.g., industry size, market concentration, profitability). Data were sourced from several business and market research databases, with periods of analysis based on available data. We conducted a narrative literature review to supplement findings from the quantitative analysis, including on corporate strategy. Results Our findings show that, since the late-1800s, the global UPF manufacturing industry has been instrumental in transforming food systems around the world to the extent that many are now heavily geared towards the consumption and production of UPFs. A key explanatory factor behind this trend is that a group of major UPF corporations have developed an extensive and highly profitable network of large, concentrated UPF markets. Our study also suggests that, since the 1980s, the same corporations have been increasingly prioritising the financial interests of their shareholders above other concerns. Conclusions Reversing the UPF dietary transition will likely require substantial changes to the structural and regulatory conditions under which food systems around the world operate, such that population and planetary health are actively promoted and incentivised. Speakers/Panelists Samuele Tonello Eurohealthnet, Brussels, Belgium