Behavioural changes related to olfactory mucosal metaplasia and bulbar glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) induction in methylsulphonyl-dichlorobenzene-treated mice.

Abstract

Methylsulphonyl-2,6-dichlorobenzene [2,6-(diCl-MeSO(2)-B)], and its 2,5-chlorinated isomer [2,5-(diCl-MeSO(2)-B)] bind firmly in the olfactory mucosa of mice. Both isomers are also selectively localised in the olfactory bulb. Persistent olfactory mucosal metaplasia is induced by 2,6-(diCl-MeSO(2)-B) whereas 2,5-(diCl-MeSO(2)-B) has no effects. Furthermore, a strong induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) restricted to the olfactory bulb has been reported in 2,6-(diCl-MeSO(2)-B)-treated mice. To explore whether these lesions give rise to early or long-lasting changes in behaviour, spontaneous motor activity and radial arm maze (RAM) learning were examined at 1, 2, 4 and 12 weeks following an intraperitoneal injection of a single low (32 mg/kg) or high (65 mg/kg) dose of 2,6-(diCl-MeSO(2)-B). 2,5-(DiCl-MeSO(2)-B) (65 mg/kg) was used as a negative control. Hyperactivity was observed in all treatment groups while deficits in the RAM performance was only seen in the 2,6-(diCl-MeSO(2)-B)-treated groups. Alterations in motor activity and impaired performance in the RAM-test induced by 2,6-(diCl-MeSO(2)-B) persisted up to 2 weeks in the low-dose group and 12 weeks in the high-dose group. The low-dose group consistently showed a less pronounced effect than the high-dose group. The 2,5-(diCl-MeSO(2)-B)-induced changes in motor activity declined rapidly and did not remain after 2 weeks. As determined by immunohistochemistry, 2,6-(diCl-MeSO(2)-B)-induced GFAP immunoreactivity was mainly confined to the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. We propose that the behavioural deficits caused by 2,6-(diCl-MeSO(2)-B) result from a primary loss of sensory neurons in the olfactory mucosa with consequent astrocyte proliferation in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. A targeted uptake of metabolites into the olfactory bulb could also contribute to the GFAP induction and/or behaviour response.