Abstract
To maintain well-being, all organisms require the ability to re-establish homeostasis in the presence of adverse physiological or psychological experiences. The regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis during stress is important in preventing maladaptive responses that may increase susceptibility to affective disorders. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a central stress hormone in the HPA axis pathway and has been implicated in stress-induced psychiatric disorders, reproductive and cardiac function, as well as energy metabolism. In the context of psychiatric disorders, CRH dysfunction is associated with the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety disorders. Here, we review the synthesis, molecular signaling and regulation, as well as synaptic activity of CRH. We go on to summarize studies of altered CRH signaling in mutant animal models. This assembled data demonstrate an important role for CRH in neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral correlates of adaptation and maladaptation. Next, we present findings regarding human genetic polymorphisms in CRH pathway genes that are associated with stress and psychiatric disorders. Finally, we discuss a role for regulators of CRH activity as potential sites for therapeutic intervention aimed at treating maladaptive behaviors associated with stress.
Highlights
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41 amino acid peptide that was first isolated and characterized by Wylie Vale in 1981 [1]
Other brain regions that show high expression of CRH mRNA are the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BnST), and other limbic areas including the hippocampus (Figure 1)
This study demonstrated that CRH-R1 deletion in gabaergic and serotonergic neurons had no effect on anxiety-related behaviors
Summary
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41 amino acid peptide that was first isolated and characterized by Wylie Vale in 1981 [1]. It belongs to a family of peptides that has subsequently been found to include Urocortin , and 3 (Ucn ). Sequence homology, and its members are expressed in largely non-overlapping regions of the central nervous system and periphery. They function to maintain physiological activities ranging from appetite control to immune system modulation and mediation of the stress response [2]
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