Behavioral evaluation of quinestrol as a sterilant in male Brandt's voles

Abstract

The theoretical, ecological, physiological, and mathematical aspects of fertility control in mammals have already been well studied, but little attention has been given to the behavioral effects, especially in rodents. We investigated the effects of quinestrol, a synthetic estradiol analog, on social behavior and reproductive physiology in male Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). Over seven successive days, four concentration gradients of quinestrol (none, 0.001%, 0.003%, and 0.006%) were separately mixed into feed and provided to male Brandt's voles. Reproductive parameters, including the reproductive organ indexes, testosterone level and reproductive ability, were observed and collected 2weeks after finished feeding treatment and again after 4weeks. Dyadic social encounters and female preferences were then recorded for the control males (no quinestrol) and the highest concentration group (0.006%). Results showed that quinestrol reduced the consumption of feed. Physiological data revealed that quinestrol had also effectively reduced the reproductive organs indexes, testosterone levels, female pregnancy rates and litter size. This phenomenon was especially evident in the highest concentration group only after 2weeks of feeding. Behavioral results showed that both frequency and duration of female preference were unbiased between control and treated males. In social conflict tests, control pairs (CC) had lower latency toward initial attack than treated pairs (TT) and pairs of one control and one treated male (CT). Among the three pairs, there was no evident difference in patterns of mutual attack and agonistic behavior. In CT pairs, sterile males have the same winning rate and agonistic behavior as control males. Our data revealed that quinestrol has anti-fertility capabilities with little behavioral side effects on Brandt's voles, which suggested quinestrol's potential as a sterilant for Brandt's voles. The palatability, however, should be improved before field practice.