Abstract
Anxiety related behaviors have been reported in humans diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and such traits may be altered depending on seizure phase. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence and severity of anxiety related behaviors in dogs with IE compared to other medical populations, and to determine if behavioral changes were associated with seizure control. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, the owners of 102 dogs presenting for wellness examination (37), epilepsy (38), and intervertebral disc disease (27) were surveyed utilizing a questionnaire developed based on the shortened Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (mini-CBARQ), previously validated for its ability to analyze canine behavior. Veterinarians of participating dogs completed a questionnaire to verify diagnoses. Dogs with IE and IVDD had a higher likelihood of being fearful/anxious when approached by an unfamiliar dog compared to the wellness group. Dogs with IE receiving polytherapy had decreased excitement before a walk (P = 0.0007) or car trip (P = 0.027), increased fear/anxiety when groomed (P = 0.0197), and increased shaking, shivering, or trembling when left alone (P = 0.0004) compared to dogs receiving monotherapy. Polytherapy dogs had increased agitation when their owner/others showed affection toward other people/dogs during preictal (Pperson = 0.005, Panimal = 0.0083), postictal (Pperson = 0.001, Panimal = 0.0068), and interictal (Pperson = 0.0083, Panimal = 0.02) period compared to monotherapy dogs. Seizure frequency and severity was not correlated with anxiety related behavior in dogs with IE. While seizure phase was associated with behavior changes in 38% (14/37) of our epileptic population, one specific seizure phase was not more likely to produce behavior changes than another. Behavioral changes noted in dogs with IE raises further questions about how this disease affects QoL. Research was presented in abstract form at the ACVIM Forum, Denver, CO, USA, June 2016.
Highlights
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurologic disorder in both humans and dogs [1,2,3,4]
Differences in behavior were noted between patients with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) receiving polytherapy vs. monotherapy, suggesting that seizure control may influence the behavioral comorbidities
No specific seizure phase was associated with increased anxiety in the present study as it has been seen with humans
Summary
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurologic disorder in both humans and dogs [1,2,3,4]. Increasing evidence indicates a correlation between human epileptic seizures and anxiety [5,6,7,8]. While anxiety has been identified as the most common psychiatric comorbidity in humans with epilepsy, there has been evidence suggesting that anxiety in adults with epilepsy may be altered depending on the phase of the seizure itself [5,6,7]. Another study had a similar conclusion, indicating different manifestations of anxiety during the ictal, postictal, and interictal phases of epileptic seizures in adults [5]. Fear disorders are common in humans with epilepsy and are often the result of poor seizure control [6]. Studies have shown an increase of postictal anxiety and depressive symptoms in people with medically refractory epilepsy or prolonged seizures [5]. It is reasonable to investigate if behavioral changes present in humans with epilepsy are present in dogs
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