Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common type of stroke and has one of the highest fatality rates of any disease. There are many clinical signs and symptoms after ICH due to brain cell injury and network disruption resulted from the rupture of a tiny artery and activation of inflammatory cells, such as motor dysfunction, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, and emotional disturbance, etc. Thus, researchers have established many tests to evaluate behavioral changes in rodent ICH models, in order to achieve a better understanding and thus improvements in the prognosis for the clinical treatment of stroke. This review summarizes existing protocols that have been applied to assess neurologic function outcomes in the rodent ICH models such as pain, motor, cognition, and emotion tests. Pain tests include mechanical, hot, and cold pain tests; motor tests include the following 12 types: neurologic deficit scale test, staircase test, rotarod test, cylinder test, grid walk test, forelimb placing test, wire hanging test, modified neurologic severity score, beam walking test, horizontal ladder test, and adhesive removal test; learning and memory tests include Morris water maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition test; emotion tests include elevated plus maze, sucrose preference test, tail suspension test, open field test, and forced swim test. This review discusses these assessments by examining their rationale, setup, duration, baseline, procedures as well as comparing their pros and cons, thus guiding researchers to select the most appropriate behavioral tests for preclinical ICH research.
Highlights
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a type of intracranial hemorrhage which occurs due to sudden rupture of tiny arteries in the brain parenchyma
This review summarizes the evaluation methods of sensory, motor, emotion, and cognition tests after the operation of the ICH model in rodent animals (Figure 1), allowing experimental researchers to select the appropriate detection methods according to different experimental conditions
The mechanical allodynia test can be performed with dynamic plantar aesthesiometer or von Frey filaments; thermal hyperalgesia is often tested by Hargreaves analgesia meter; and cold hyperalgesia can be tested by acetone test, cold plate test, or cold plantar assay
Summary
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a type of intracranial hemorrhage which occurs due to sudden rupture of tiny arteries in the brain parenchyma. The mechanical allodynia test can be performed with dynamic plantar aesthesiometer or von Frey filaments; thermal hyperalgesia is often tested by Hargreaves analgesia meter; and cold hyperalgesia can be tested by acetone test, cold plate test, or cold plantar assay. In these tests, the investigator should be blind to the treatment assignment, and animals should be placed in the test boxes no
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