Abstract
The arborescent bryozoanBugulina neritinais a cosmopolitan fouling species in sub-tropical to sub-temperate waters. The butenolide compound 5-octylfuran-2(5H)-one (hereafter named butenolide) reportedly inhibits larval settlement ofB. neritina, but its effect on the larval behavioral and transcriptomic responses remained unclear. We report that 10 μg mL-1or higher concentration of butenolide and/or prolonged treatment (10 h or longer) resulted in significant increase in larval mortality and prominent spiral larval swimming behavior. The transcriptomic analyses not only revealed up-regulation of typical stress-related protein genes in response to 10 mg mL-1butenolide treatment, but also indicated up-regulation ofmucin, synaptic genes and nitric oxide signaling genes. In addition, the expression of developmental genes and lipid biosynthesis genes were also affected. Overall, our larval behavior and transcriptome analyses reflected the impact of butenolide on the metabolism, neuronal and molecular signaling inB. neritinalarvae.
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