Abstract
Innovations in biologging have offered new possibilities to better understand animals in their natural environment. Biologgers can be used by researchers to measure the impact of human disturbances on wildlife and guide conservation decisions. In this study, the behavioral and physiological responses of brown bears (Ursus arctos) to hunts using dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and human encounters were assessed to better understand the impact of human outdoor activities on brown bears. In Scandinavia, brown bear hunting and the use of dogs during hunts is gaining in popularity. Nonetheless, not every hunt leads to a killed bear. This means that for each bear that is shot, multiple bears may be chased but not killed. In addition, bears can also be disturbed when encountering non-hunting humans. Heart rates, body temperatures, GPS coordinates and dual-axis activity data were collected from 52 simulated hunts (a simulated hunt using dogs with the bear allowed to flee at the end) and 70 human encounters (humans intentionally approaching the bear) that were carried out on 28 free-ranging female brown bears in two study areas in Sweden. The results showed that: (1) simulated hunts had a greater impact and induced a greater energy cost than human encounters; (2) the amount of time bears rested the day after the simulated hunts increased linearly with the duration of the simulated hunts, implying a lasting behavioral impact relative to the intensity of the disturbance. Although not tested in this study, brown bears that are repeatedly disturbed by dog hunts and human encounters may be unable to compensate the disturbances’ energy cost, and their fitness may, therefore, be altered. If it is the case, this effect should be accounted for by managers.
Highlights
Innovations in biologging have increasingly been used in the past few decades to better understand animals in their natural environment (Wilmers et al, 2015)
The distances traveled by both adult and subadult bears were longer during the day of the simulated hunts than during the corresponding control periods and longer than during the day of the human encounters
The maximum heart rates were higher during the day of the simulated hunts than during the corresponding control periods and higher than during the day of the human encounters
Summary
Innovations in biologging have increasingly been used in the past few decades to better understand animals in their natural environment (Wilmers et al, 2015). Bears’ Responses to Hunts and Human Encounters behavior of pursued animals (for example: foxes (Vulpes vulpes) (Kreeger et al, 1989), pumas (Puma concolor) (Bryce et al, 2017) or red deer (Cervus elaphus) (Jarnemo and Wikenros, 2014). Several variables may be used to measure how human outdoor activities disturb wild animals and to determine if the disturbances may incur extra energy costs. Animals may run to flee, with the higher speeds demanding more energy (Pagano et al, 2018). They may need to recover and rest after a disturbance, preventing their compensation of the lost energy
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