Abstract
Many kinds of pesticides and their metabolites have been detected in various water bodies and bottom sediments even under normal agricultural practices (USEPA 1997; Gilliom 2001; Martin et al. 2003). Pesticides can potentially enter surface water by several routes and be partitioned to bottom sediments even if they are appropriately used for crop protection in accordance with good agricultural practices. Spray drift, surface runoff, and field drainage are relevant routes of exposure, and contamination via groundwater discharge may occur. The direct application of pesticides to water occures either for rice protection in a paddy field or for control of undesirable emergent vegetation of weeds and algae.
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