Abstract
Recycling of metals from different waste streams must be increased in the near future for securing the availability of metals that are critical for high-tech applications, such as batteries for e-mobility. Black copper smelting is a flexible recycling route for many different types of scrap, including Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and some end-of-life energy storage materials. Fundamental thermodynamic data about the behavior of battery metals and the effect of slag additives is required for providing data necessary for process development, control, and optimization. The goal of our study is to investigate the suitability of black copper smelting process for recycling of battery metals lithium, cobalt, manganese, and lanthanum. The experiments were performed alumina crucibles at 1300 °C, in oxygen partial pressure range of 10−11–10−8 atm. The slags studied contained 0 to 6 wt% of MgO. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) techniques were utilized for phase composition quantifications. The results reveal that most cobalt can be recovered into the copper alloy in extremely reducing process conditions, whereas lithium, manganese, and lanthanum deport predominantly in the slag at all investigated oxygen partial pressures.
Highlights
Nowadays, the importance of advanced rechargeable batteries is constantly growing because of their multiple applications, such as electric and hybrid vehicles, electronic communication devices, and numerous of energy storages used for stationary devices [1]
Composition equilibrium concentration of alumina in the slag was between 18 and 20 wt%, which is in agreement
The equilibrium concentration of alumina in the slag wasSystem between 18 and 20 wt%, which is in agreement
Summary
The importance of advanced rechargeable batteries is constantly growing because of their multiple applications, such as electric and hybrid vehicles, electronic communication devices, and numerous of energy storages used for stationary devices [1]. The demand for rechargeable batteries will increase with the growth of electric transportation and renewable energy. That the need for batteries will increase more than ten-fold globally from 2015 to 2020. They estimate that the combined value of the battery market in Europe will reach €250 billion by 2025. When applying lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) in electric and hybrid vehicles, long-term stability is required [3]. Different models as tools for battery design and optimization have been elaborated in the literature [3,4,5]
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