Behavior Change in the Human Services: Behavioral and Cognitive Principles and Applications

Abstract

PREFACE TO THE STUDENT: HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Course Materials Case Examples The Chapters The Course Posttest Scoring Recommendations for Instructor Use of This Book INTRODUCTION Origins of the Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches Comparing the Behavioral and Cognitive Approaches Characteristics of Behavior Change Approaches Cultural Diversity Chapter 1. SPECIFYING BEHAVIOR Objectives Overt and Covert Behaviors Clarifying Vague Terms and Fuzzy Language Target Behavior Measuring Response Strength Behavioral Assessment Approach Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chapter 2. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT Objectives Reinforcing Stimuli Examples of Positive Reinforcement Reinforcers and Rewards Factors That Influence Reinforcer Effectiveness How to Identify Potential Reinforcers Reinforcer Sampling How to Evaluate the Effect of a Stimulus as a Positive Reinforcer Reinforcement of Behavior: Social, Tangible, and Self-Administered Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chapter 3. EXTINCTION Objectives Decreasing Response Strength Single-Subject Evaluation Designs Applying Extinction to Decrease Undesired Behaviors Ethical Considerations Effects of Extinction Consistency and Control of Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement of Appropriate Behaviors Spontaneous Recovery Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chapter 4. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCIES Objectives Behavioral Contingencies and Positive Reinforcement Contingency Contracting Accidental Reinforcement Contingencies Self-Control Reinforcement Contingencies The Premack Principle Continuous and Intermittent Reinforcement Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chaper 5. SHAPING AND RESPONSE DIFFERENTIATION Objectives Differential Reinforcement Response Class The DRO Procedure Shaping With Successive Approximations Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chapter 6. STIMULUS CONTROL: DISCRIMINATION AND GENERALIZATION Objectives Antecedents The Discrimination Training Procedure Stimulus Control Rule-Governed Behavior Stimulus Fading Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chapter 7. CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT AND CHAINING Objectives Conditioned Reinforcement Simple and Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers Establishing a Conditioned Reinforcer Reinforcement History Establishing Relationships With Clients Fading Out Unconditioned Reinforcers Token Economy Stimulus-Response Chains Response Priming Backward Chaining Summary Suggested Activities Chapter 8. MODELING AND IMITATION Objectives The Role of Imitation in the Acquisition of Behaviors The Use of Modeling in the Acquisition of New Behaviors Modeling Versus Shaping The Modeling Plus Positive Reinforcement Procedure Application of Modeling in Practice Assertiveness Training Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chapter 9. PUNISHMENT Objectives Punishment Defined Aversive Stimuli and Punishers Positive Punishment Negative Punishment Extinction and Negative Punishment Time-Out Maximizing the Effectiveness of Punishment Disadvantages of Punishment Alternatives to Punishment Overcorrection Punishment and Self-Control The Future of Punishment Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chapter 10. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Objectives Negative Reinforcers, Punishers, and Aversive Stimuli Escape Behavior Escape and Punishment Avoidance Behavior Phobias and Negative Reinforcement Superstitious Behavior and Negative Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement and Interpersonal Relationships Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chapter 11. RESPONDENT CONDITIONING Objectives Respondent Behavior Respondent Conditioning Emotional Behavior Respondent Conditioning of Phobias Escape, Avoidance, and Respondent Conditioning Operant and Respondent Control of Behaviors Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chapter 12. GENERALIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE Objectives Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change Obstacles to Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change Strategies for Promoting Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chapter 13. BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT Objectives Introduction to Behavioral Assessment Elements of Behavioral Assessment Sources of Assessment Information Collecting Assessment Information Behavioral Assessment and Application of RAC-S Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chapter 14. GOAL SETTING, INTERVENTION PLANNING, AND EVALUATION Objectives Formulation Behavior Change Goals Intervention Planning Intake, Behavioral Assessment, Goal Setting, Intervention Treatment Contracts Classification of Behavior Change Techniques Ethical Considerations Developing the Intervention Plan Implementing the Behavior Change Program for Toothbrushing Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Behavior Change Program Behaviorally Oriented Record Keeping Client Satisfaction Social Validity Summary Suggested Activities References and Resources Chapter 15. INTERVENTION TECHNIQUES Objectives Exposure Techniques Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques Intervention Packages Evidence-Based Interventions Practice Guidelines Conclusion Summary Suggested Activities Appendix 1: Case Examples Appendix 2: Chapter Pretest Questions Appendix 3: Chapter Pretest Answers Appendix 4: Chapter Posttest Questions Appendix 5: Chapter Posttest Answers Appendix 6: Course Posttest Questions Appendix 7: Course Posttest Answers Appendix 8: Notational Symbols and Diagrams GLOSSARY NAME INDEX SUBJECT INDEX ABOUT THE AUTHORS