Abstract
Accurate measurement of honeybee (Apis mellifera) traffic in the vicinity of the hive is critical in systems that continuously monitor honeybee colonies to detect deviations from the norm. BeePIV, the algorithm we describe and evaluate in this article, is a new significant result in our longitudinal investigation of honeybee flight and traffic in electronic beehive monitoring. BeePIV converts frames from bee traffic videos to particle motion frames with uniform background, applies particle image velocimetry to these motion frames to compute particle displacement vector fields, classifies individual displacement vectors as incoming, outgoing, and lateral, and uses the respective vector counts to measure incoming, outgoing, and lateral bee traffic. We evaluate BeePIV on twelve 30-s color videos with a total frame count of 8928 frames for which we obtained the ground truth by manually counting every full bee motion in each frame. The bee motion counts obtained from these videos with BeePIV come closer to the human bee motion counts than the bee motion counts obtained with our previous video-based bee counting methods. We use BeePIV to compute incoming and outgoing bee traffic curves for two different hives over a period of seven months and observe that these curves closely follow each other. Our observations indicate that bee traffic curves obtained by BeePIV may be used to predict colony failures. Our experiments suggest that BeePIV can be used in situ on the raspberry pi platform to process bee traffic videos.
Highlights
Most of the work in a honeybee (Apis mellifera) colony is performed by the female worker bee whose average life span is approximately six weeks [1]
The algorithm is a new significant result in our ongoing longitudinal investigation of honeybee flight and traffic in images and videos acquired with our deployed BeePi electronic beehive monitoring (EBM) systems [5,7,8,9])
We have presented BeePIV, a video-based algorithm for measuring omnidirectional and directional honeybee traffic
Summary
Most of the work in a honeybee (Apis mellifera) colony is performed by the female worker bee whose average life span is approximately six weeks [1]. In a previous article [5], we presented our first algorithm based on particle image velocimetry (PIV) to measure directional honeybee traffic in the vicinity of a Langstroth hive [6]. We evaluate BeePIV on twelve 30-s color videos with various levels of bee traffic for which we obtained the ground truth by manually counting every full bee motion in each frame, which constitutes a significant improvement on the evaluation of the previous algorithm whose performance was evaluated only on four 30-s videos. Another critical difference is that our previous algorithm when tested on the raspberry pi 3 model B v1.2 platform on 30-s videos, had an unacceptably slow performance of ≈2.5 h per video.
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