Abstract

Background: The assessment of pain and its impact on quality of life is central to the evaluation of chronic pain syndromes. However, most available tools focus on the nociceptive experience of pain, and at best only consider the occurrence of anxious, depressive, or cognitive problems. Here is a new questionnaire aimed at measuring the multifaceted impact of pain in chronic pain syndromes, the Bodily and Emotional pErception of Pain (BEEP).Methods: All consecutive patients who accessed a center for the treatment of pain were invited to take part in the study. The sample included 222 participants (51 with fibromyalgia, 84 with low back pain; 87 with other chronic pain syndromes). Women were 77% of the sample, the mean age was 61 ± 15. Participants completed the BEEP, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ).Results: Reliability was good for all questionnaires. The expected three dimensions of the BEEP were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis, and a bifactor model with three orthogonal factors showed a good fit as well. Participants diagnosed with fibromyalgia showed higher scores on the BEEP than the participants who had been diagnosed with low back pain or other chronic pain syndromes. The prevalence of probable cases of major depression and bipolar disorder in the sample was higher than expected for non-clinical samples. Levels of depression, as measured by the PHQ-9, were associated with the three dimensions of the BEEP and with the intensity of pain.Conclusions: The BEEP is a promising measure of the impact of pain in daily life and differentiates fibromyalgia from other chronic pain syndromes. The BEEP may be helpful to evaluate the patient's response to the treatment over time and may favor the identification of unmet needs in patients' personal, social, and daily functioning.

Highlights

  • Pain is the reaction of the body to any lesion arising from injury or illness affecting the continuity of tissues

  • Our goal was to develop a measure focused on the emotional reaction to pain that would include the assessment of the limitations caused by pain in daily life, the interference caused by pain in personal and social functioning and, obviously, an estimation of the severity of pain at the time of the measurement

  • The Bodily and Emotional Perception of Pain (BEEP) assesses three dimensions: the emotional reaction to pain, the limitations caused by pain in daily life, and the interference caused by pain in personal and social functioning

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Summary

Introduction

Pain is the reaction of the body to any lesion arising from injury or illness affecting the continuity of tissues. According to the definition proposed by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain is “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (Hanoch Kumar and Elavarasi, 2016). As well, the nociceptive component of pain (the sensory reaction to actual or potential tissue damage) and its emotional counterpart (see Hanoch Kumar and Elavarasi, 2016). The assessment of pain and its impact on quality of life is central to the evaluation of chronic pain syndromes. Is a new questionnaire aimed at measuring the multifaceted impact of pain in chronic pain syndromes, the Bodily and Emotional pErception of Pain (BEEP)

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